航空用钛合金显微组织控制和力学性能关系

朱知寿; 商国强; 王新南; 祝力伟; 李静; 李明兵; 信云鹏; 刘格辰

doi:10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2020.000086

航空用钛合金显微组织控制和力学性能关系

doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2020.000086

中国航发北京航空材料研究院先进钛合金航空科技重点实验室，北京 100095

详细信息

通讯作者:
朱知寿（1966—），男，博士，研究员，主要从事航空钛合金及应用技术研究，联系地址：北京市81信箱15分箱（100095），E-mail：zhuzzs@126.com

中图分类号: TG146.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-05-12
- 修回日期: 2020-05-22
- 网络出版日期: 2020-05-20
- 刊出日期: 2020-06-01

Microstructure controlling technology and mechanical properties relationship of titanium alloys for aviation applications

Key Laboratory of Advanced Titanium Alloys，AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials，Beijing 100095，China

摘要

摘要: 钛合金由于具有多样性和复杂性的固态相变特征，其组织性能关系一直都是材料科学工作者研究的热点之一。通过调整钛合金的成分配比、加工工艺以及热处理工艺参数，可以在一定范围内调整钛合金制件的组织类型与组织参数，实现强度、塑性、韧性、疲劳和疲劳裂纹扩展速率等综合性能的最佳匹配。本文在对比钛合金材料的等轴组织、双态组织、网篮组织和片层组织四种典型显微组织特征以及控制技术基础上，以航空用TC21钛合金、TC4-DT钛合金、TC32钛合金以及TB17钛合金为例综述不同显微组织特征与拉伸性能、断裂韧度、疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响关系，为钛合金选择合适的组织参数、实现最佳的综合性能匹配和稳定批量生产提供参考依据。
- 航空用钛合金 /
- 等轴组织 /
- 双态组织 /
- 网篮组织 /
- 片层组织 /
- 力学性能
Abstract: Because of the variety and complexity of solid-state phase transformation characteristics of titanium alloys, the relationship between their microstructure and performance has always been one of the hot topics in the field of titanium alloy materials science. By adjusting the composition, processing technology and heat treatment process parameters of titanium alloys, the microstructure type and parameters of titanium alloy parts can be adjusted to a certain extent to achieve the best matches in strength, plasticity, toughness, fatigue and fatigue crack propagation rate, etc. In this paper, based on the comparison of four typical microstructure characteristics including equiaxed microstructure, bimodal microstructure, lamellar microstructure, basket weave microstructure and their thermo-mechanical controlling technologies, taking the TC21 titanium alloy, TC4-DT titanium alloy, TC32 titanium alloy and TB17 titanium alloy for aviation use as examples to review the properties of strength, plasticity, fracture toughness, fatigue life and fatigue crack propagation rate, which can provide a reference basis for reasonably choosing microstructure parameters, optimizing properties, stabilizing mass production quality of titanium alloy products.
- titanium alloy /
- equiaxed microstructure /
- bimodal microstructure /
- lamellar microstructure /
- basketweave microstructure /
- mechanical property

HTML全文

图 1 常用钛合金的四种典型显微组织类型　（a）等轴组织，其中，a1：近α钛合金典型组织类型，a2：α + β钛合金典型组织类型，a3：亚稳β钛合金典型组织类型；（b）双态组织，其中，b1：近α钛合金典型组织类型，b2：α + β钛合金典型组织类型，b3：亚稳β钛合金典型组织类型；（c）网篮组织，其中，c1：破碎晶界α相，c2：不连续晶界α相，c3：大块α相；（d）片层组织，其中，d1：粗大转变α相，d2：典型转变α相，d3：细小转变α相

Figure 1. Four classic microstructure types for titanium alloys　（a）equiaxed microstructure type，including three typical metallographic standard figures：a1 for near α titanium alloys，a2 for α + β titanium alloys，and a3 for metastable β titanium alloys；（b）bimodel microstructure type，including three typical metallographic standard figures：b1 for near α titanium alloys，b2 for α + β titanium alloys，and b3 for metastable β titanium alloys；（c）basketweave microstructure type，including three typical metallographic standard figures：c1 showing broken grain boundary α phases，c2 showing discontinuous grain boundary α phases，and c3 showing massive transformation α phases；（d）lamellar microstructure type，including three typical metallographic standard figures：d1 showing thick lamellar α phases，d2 showing typical lamellar α phases，and d3 showing thin lamellar α phases

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图 2 钛合金等轴组织控制技术　（a）普通锻造加工工艺；（b）高低高锻造工艺；（c）晶粒细化示意图；（d）“β斑”组织缺陷；（e）“细晶亮带”缺陷低倍组织；（f）正常区域组织；（g）“β斑”组织缺陷对疲劳寿命的影响；（h）“细晶亮带”缺陷显微组织；（i）“细晶亮带”缺陷对疲劳S-N曲线的影响

Figure 2. Controlling technology of equiaxed microstructures of titanium alloys　（a）conventional forging processing；（b）high-low-high temperature（HLH）homogenization processing；（c）grain refining effect diagram；（d）microstructure of “β fleck” defect in titanium forgings；（e）fine-grained bright band（FGBB）defect found in titanium alloy forgings；（f）normal microstructure；（g）effect of β fleck on fatigue life；（h）microstructure features of FGBB；（i）effect of FGBB inhomogeneous defect on S-N fatigue curve.

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图 3 钛合金双态组织控制技术　（a）普通锻造加工工艺；（b）高低高锻造工艺；（c）晶粒细化示意图；（d）两相区锻造加热示意图；（e）TC11钛合金近β锻造显微组织；（f）TA15厚板显微组织；（g）TA15锻件显微组织

Figure 3. Controlling technology of bi-modal microstructures of titanium alloys　（a）conventional forging processing；（b）high-low-high temperature（HLH）homogenization processing；（c）grain refining effect diagram；（d）α + β forging diagram for titanium alloys；（e）microstructure features of TC11 titanium alloy after near β forging processing；（f）microstructure features of TA15 titanium alloy plate after α + β forging processing；（g）microstructure features of TA15 titanium alloy forgings after α + β forging processing

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图 4 网篮组织控制技术　（a）准β锻造工艺示意图；（b）~（e）四种典型的网篮组织形貌特征

Figure 4. Controlling technology of basketweave microstructures of titanium alloys　（a）quasi β forging diagram for titanium alloys；（b）-（e）four typical basketweave microstructures after quasi β forging processing

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图 5 钛合金片层组织控制技术　（a）准β热处理工艺示意图；（b）TC4-DT钛合金典型锻件片层组织特征

Figure 5. Controlling technology of lamellar microstructures of titanium alloys　（a）quasi β heat treatment processing diagram；（b）lamellar microstructure features of TC4-DT titanium alloy forgings after β heat treatment processing

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图 6 几种典型钛合金不同显微组织类型与室温力学性能的关系　（a）室温抗拉强度（σ_b）；（b）室温屈服强度（σ_0.2）；（c）伸长率（A）；（d）室温断面收缩率（Z）

Figure 6. Relationship of room temperature tensile properties with different type microstructures of several typical titanium alloys　（a）tensile strength（σ_b）；（b）yield strength（σ_0.2）；（c）tensile elongation（A）；（d）tensile reduction of area（Z）

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图 7 几种常用飞机结构用钛合金不同显微组织类型与室温断裂韧度、疲劳性能的关系　（a）钛合金不同组织类型的室温断裂韧度（K_IC）；（b）不同合金室温轴向应力疲劳极限（σ_D）

Figure 7. Relationship of room temperature tensile properties with different type microstructures of several typical titanium alloys　（a）room temperature fracture toughness（K_IC）with different type microstructures；（b）room temperature axial stress fatigue limit strength（σ_D）with different type microstructures

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图 8 几种常用飞机结构用钛合金不同显微组织类型与室温疲劳裂纹扩展速率之间的关系　（a）TC4-DT钛合金；（b）TC21钛合金；（c）TC32钛合金；（d）TB17钛合金

Figure 8. Fatigue crack growth rate of several typical titanium alloys with different microstructures at room temperature　（a）TC4-DT alloy；（b）TC21 alloy；（c）TC32 alloy；（d）TB17 alloy

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