Additive Manufacture of Metamaterials: a Review
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摘要: 超材料作为一种新型拓扑优化设计的结构材料，展现出特殊的物理性质，比如负泊松比、负折射率等，在波动控制和隐身方面有重要的潜在应用价值，因此受到国内外的广泛关注。增材制造技术，又称为3D打印技术，适合于制造复杂形状的结构，利用增材制造技术制造隐身超材料具有较高的几何自由度和尺寸精度，为超材料的广泛应用提供技术条件。本文基于超材料的基本概念，对隐身超材料结构设计、功能调控的研究进展进行详细介绍，进一步介绍增材制造隐身超材料的光固化法、熔融沉积法、激光选区烧结/熔化法等工艺方法，并讨论了增材制造超材料在制造过程中存在的阶梯效应、原材料黏附现象、热扩散现象、尺寸精度、粗糙度等问题。Abstract: As a novel structural material proposed by topology optimization, metamaterials present unusual properties, such as negative Poisson’s ratio, negative indexofrefraction and so on. Metamaterials have potential application in the aspect of wave controlling and stealth. Therefore, it has aroused great interests in the world. Additive manufacturing technology, also called 3D printing technology, is suitable to make structures with complicated geometries. It is a high geometric freedom to fabricate stealth metamaterials via additive manufacturing technology, which provides technical support for the wide applications. The design of structure and the theory of stealth are both mentioned based on the basic theory of metamaterial. Moreover, a variety of additive manufacturing processes for the preparation of stealth metamaterials, such as light curing method, fusion deposition method, laser selective sintering / melting method are described in detail in the present paper. Problems, for instance, the staircase effect, raw material adhesion, thermal diffusivity, dimensional accuracy and roughness occurred in the fabrication of additive manufacturing metamaterials are discussed in order to provide references for the follow-up researchers.
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Key words:
- metamaterial /
- structural design /
- additive manufacturing /
- stealth function
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图 7 五模材料的单元结构及其特征参数[23] （a）Milton和Cherkaev提出的五模隐身超材料微结构单胞;（b）常见材料的体积模量、剪切模量的取值空间
Figure 7. Unit cell of pentamode material and its characteristic parameters[23] （a）unit cell of pentamode stealth metamaterial proposed by Milton and Cherkaev;（b）value space of bulk modulus and shear modulus of common materials
图 9 五模隐身材料的试件及声场模拟结果[43-44] （a）五模隐身超材料三维模型;（b）制备的五模隐身材料试件;（c）实体块体的声场云图;（d）五模隐身材料的声场云图
Figure 9. Specimens made of pentamode stealth metamaterial and simulation results of sound field[43-44] （a）3D model of pentamode stealth metamaterial;（b）specimens of pentamode stealth metamaterial;（c）sound field distribution of solid block;（d）sound field distribution of pentamode stealth metamaterial
图 12 台阶效应示意图 （a）圆柱杆高倍SEM图像;（b）选择性激光熔化制造圆柱杆示意图[55]
Figure 12. Schematic of staircase-shaped profile （a）high magnification SEM image of cylindricalstrut;（b）schematic of cylindrical strut fabricated by selective laser melting
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