Protection of metal mesh from lightning damage to aviation composite materials
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摘要: 碳/环氧复合材料因高强度、耐疲劳和抗腐蚀等性能被广泛应用于航空领域。针对飞机雷击过程中碳/环氧复合材料的损伤问题，建立具有铜网和铝网保护的碳/环氧复合材料层压板的三维有限元模型，并采用单元删除法对复合结构的雷电烧蚀单元进行处理。在不同电流峰值和不同网格间距下验证铜网和铝网的防雷效果，研究金属网质量变化与防雷效果之间的关系。结果表明：具有金属网保护的复合材料层压板的烧蚀面积和损伤深度均明显减小；网格间距越密集，防雷击效果越好；铜网复合层压板的保护效果要优于铝网；随着金属网质量的增加，复合材料层压板雷击损伤程度降低。Abstract: Carbon / epoxy composites are widely used in aviation due to their high strength, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. Aiming at the damage of carbon / epoxy composites during aircraft lightning strikes, a three-dimensional finite element model of carbon / epoxy composite laminates protected by copper mesh and aluminum mesh was established, and the lightning ablative element of composite structure was treated by element deletion method. The lightning protection effect of copper mesh and aluminum mesh was verified under different current peaks and different grid spacing, and the relationship between the weight change of the metal mesh and the lightning protection effect was studied. The test results show that the ablation area and damage depth of the composite laminate with metal mesh protection are significantly reduced. The denser the grid spacing is, the better the lightning protection effect is. The copper mesh composite laminate has better protection effect than the aluminum mesh. With the weight of the metal mesh increases, the degree of lightning damage to the composite laminate decreases.
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Key words:
- carbon/epoxy composite /
- lightning damage /
- laminate /
- metal mesh /
- copper mesh /
- ablation
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图 2 不同雷电区域实验波形 （a）ⅠA区；（b）ⅠB区；（c）ⅡB区
Figure 2. Experimental waveforms in different lightning regions （a）ⅠA area；（b）ⅠB area；（c）ⅡB area
图 6 不同电流峰值下无金属网保护的复合层压板的温度分布
Figure 6. Temperature distribution of composite laminates without metal mesh protection under different current peaks （a）T1/T2 = 10/350（31.3 kA）；（b）T1/T2 = 10/350（88.4 kA）；（c）T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）；（d）T1/T2 = 10/350（31.3 kA）；（e）T1/T2 = 10/350（88.4 kA）；（f）T1/ T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）
图 7 不同电流峰值下具有铜网保护的复合层压板的温度分布
Figure 7. Temperature distribution of composite laminates with copper mesh protection under different current peaks （a）T1/T2 = 10/350（31.3 kA）；（b）T1/T2 = 10/350（88.4 kA）；（c）T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）
图 8 不同电流峰值下具有铝网保护的复合层压板的温度分布
Figure 8. Temperature distribution of composite laminates with aluminum mesh protection at different current peaks （a）T1/T2 = 10/350（31.3 kA）；（b）T1/T2 = 10/350（88.4 kA）；（c）T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）
图 9 带有铜网保护的复合层压板的温度分布局部放大
Figure 9. Partially enlarged temperature distribution of the composite laminate with copper mesh protection
图 10 具有铝网和铜网保护的复合层压板的温度分布的较大局部放大 （a）铝网保护网；（b）铜网保护网
Figure 10. A larger partial enlargement of temperature distribution of a composite laminate with aluminum mesh and copper mesh protection （a）aluminum mesh protection net；（b）copper mesh protection net
图 11 铝网和铜网的烧蚀结果 （a）铝网和铜网的烧蚀模型；（b）铜网烧蚀模型
Figure 11. Ablation results of aluminum mesh and copper mesh （a）ablation model of aluminum mesh mesh and copper mesh；（b）ablation model of copper mesh
图 12 不同网格间距下铜网保护的复合层压板的温度分布
Figure 12. Temperature distribution of composite laminates protected by copper mesh under different grid spacing （a）2.5 mm，T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）；（b）4 mm，T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）；（c）6 mm，T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）
图 13 不同网格间距下铝网保护的复合层压板的温度分布
Figure 13. Temperature distribution of composite laminates protected by aluminum mesh under different grid spacing （a）2.5 mm，T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）；（b）4 mm，T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）；（c）6 mm，T1/T2 = 10/350（93.7 kA）
图 14 金属网质量增加和烧蚀面积的关系（3.2 mm）
Figure 14. Relationship between mass increase of metal mesh and ablation area（3.2 mm）
图 15 金属网质量增加和最大损伤深度的关系（3.2 mm）
Figure 15. Relationship between mass increase of metal mesh and maximum damage depth（3.2 mm）
图 16 不同间距和电流峰值下质量增加与烧蚀面积的关系
Figure 16. Relationship between mass increase and ablation area at different pitches and current peaks
图 17 不同间距和电流峰值下金属网质量增加与最大损伤深度的关系
Figure 17. Relationship between mass increase of metal mesh and maximum damage depth at different pitches and current peaks
表 1 雷电流波形组合
Table 1. Lightning current waveform combinations
Lightning strike area Voltage waveform Current component ⅠA A，B，D A，B ⅠB A，B，D A，B，C，D ⅡA A D，B，C ⅡB A D，B，C Ⅲ A A，C 
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表 2 不同雷电区域电流波形参数
Table 2. Current waveform parameters of different lightning regions
Lightning
strike areaLightning waveform Peak pulse
current/kAAction points/(106A2•s) ⅠA A 88.4 2 ⅠB A + D 93.7 2.25 ⅡB D 31.3 0.25
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表 3 碳纤维/环氧树脂复合层压板的热和电材料性能
Table 3. Thermal and electrical material properties of carbon fiber / epoxy composite laminates
Temperature/
℃Density/
（kg•mm–3）Specific heat/
（J•kg–1•℃–1））Longitudinal thermal conductivity/
（W·mm–1•℃–1）Transverse thermal conductivity/
（W•mm–1•℃–1）Transverse conductivity/
（Ω–1•mm–1）Deep layer conductivity/
（Ω–1•mm–1）25 1.52 × 10–6 1065 0.008 0.00067 0.001145 3.876 × 10–6 343 1.52 × 10–6 2100 0.002608 0.00018 0.001145 3.876 × 10–6 500 1.1 × 10–6 2100 0.001736 0.0001 2 2 510 1.1 × 10–6 1700 0.001736 0.0001 2 2 1000 1.1 × 10–6 1900 0.001736 0.0001 2 2 3316 1.1 × 10–6 2509 0.001736 0.0001 2 2 > 3316 1.1 × 10–6 5875 0.001015 0.001015 0.2 1 × 106
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表 4 网格间距为3.2 mm时金属网格保护的复合层压板的损伤量
Table 4. Damage amount of composite laminate protected by metal grid when grid spacing is 3.2 mm
Grid type Peak current/kA Damage area/mm2 Maximum damage depth/mm Increased mass/g Copper mesh 31.3 128 0.05 21.40 88.4 976 0.13 93.7 1008 0.14 Aluminum mesh 31.3 242 0.06 6.45 88.4 1680 0.15 93.7 1728 0.16
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